This report tries to advance understanding of climatic stressor effects on ecosystems and possible correlations and implications for societal losses and damages. Five case studies from Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America are used to illustrate effects through realworld examples, covering a range of climatic stressors, such as drought, floods, heat waves, and cyclones.

The report also outlines a range of policy solutions to address climate impacts that are related to: assessing loss and damage to ecosystem services; avoiding and reducing loss and damage; risk reduction; addressing residual losses and damages to ecosystem services; and addressing non-economic loss and damage.